Neolithic Archaeological sites essays

Neolithic Archaeological sites essays Archaeological sites from the Neolithic Age offer us a peek into the lives of the Neolithic society. They left traces of their homes, tools, and places of worship along with burial chambers and mounds. Although much of the Neolithic Age is left up to our imagination, from ancient artifacts we can at least tell part of their story. Residents of Northern Europe and Britain from the Neolithic Age lived mainly on isolated farms. The typical home was around 430 square feet, quite small in comparison with todays houses. They were built of timber and had a thatched roof. While not much is left of the remains, the pits that were used for storage under and around the house still exist. Because most lived on these isolated farms, not many villages existed, and even fewer have been discovered. However, the two villages of Skara Brae and Rinyo provide us with what a typical village would have been like. Homes in the villages were even smaller than the isolated farms, measuring around 260 square feet. Many everyday items, including furniture, were made from caithness, an easily split flag stone. Along with artifacts, the Neolithic people also left many mysteries. One of those mysteries is a landform created by them. It is a circular area enclosed between one and four concentric ditches with banks on the inner sides. Archaeologists call these sites causewayed camps because between the ditches are causeways, or undisturbed areas of earth. Generally there is no evidence of anything having been on top of the bank, but pottery, along with animal and human bones, has been discovered buried in some of the ditches. The camps were never placed in specific geographic locations and are found in both valleys and hilltops. Many theories for their use exist, including markets for trade, cult ceremonial grounds, settlements, defenses, cattle compounds, or even a place to display the dead. Religion and ceremonial practices are an im...

History of Multilateralism in Foreign Policy

History of Multilateralism in Foreign Policy Multilateralism is diplomatic term that refers to cooperation among several nations. President Barack Obama has made multilateralism a central element of U.S. foreign policy under his administration. Given the global nature of multilateralism, multilateral policies are diplomatically intensive but offer the potential for great payoffs. History of U.S. Multilateralism Multilateralism is largely a post-World War II element of U.S. foreign policy. Such cornerstone U.S. policies as the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1903) were unilateral. That is, the United States issued the policies without the help, consent, or cooperation of other nations. American involvement in World War I, while it would seem to be a multilateral alliance with Great Britain and France, was in fact a unilateral venture. The U.S. declared war against Germany in 1917, almost three years after the war began in Europe; it cooperated with Great Britain and France simply because they had a common enemy; aside from combating the German spring offensive of 1918, it refused to follow the alliances old style of trench fighting; and, when the war ended, the U.S. negotiated a separate peace with Germany. When President Woodrow Wilson proposed a truly multilateral organization - The League of Nations - to prevent another such war, Americans refused to join. It smacked too much of the European alliance systems that had triggered World War I in the first place. The U.S. also stayed out of the World Court, a mediating organization with no real diplomatic weight. Only World War II pulled the U.S. toward multilateralism. It worked with Great Britain, the Free French, the Soviet Union, China and others in a real, cooperative alliance. At the end of the war, the U.S. became involved in a flurry of multilateral diplomatic, economic, and humanitarian activity. The U.S. joined the wars victors in the creation of: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, 1944The United Nations (UN), 1945The World Health Organization (WHO), 1948 The U.S. and its Western allies also created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. While NATO still exists, it originated as a military alliance to throw back any Soviet incursion into western Europe. The U.S. followed that up with the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Organization of American States (OAS). Although the OAS has major economic, humanitarian, and cultural aspects, both it and SEATO began as organizations through which the U.S. could prevent communism from infiltrating those regions. Uneasy Balance with Military Affairs SEATO and the OAS were technically multilateral groups. However, Americas political dominance of them tilted them toward unilateralism. Indeed, much of American Cold War policies - which revolved around containment of communism - tended in that direction. The United States entered the Korean War in the summer of 1950 with a United Nations mandate to push back a communist invasion of South Korea. Even so, the United States dominated the 930,000-man UN force: it supplied 302,000 men outright, and it outfitted, equipped, and trained the 590,000 South Koreans involved. Fifteen other countries provided the rest of the manpower. American involvement in Vietnam, coming without a UN mandate, was entirely unilateral. Both U.S. ventures in Iraq - the Persian Gulf War of 1991 and the Iraqi War that began in 2003 - had the multilateral backing of the UN and the involvement of coalition troops. However, the United States supplied the majority of troops and equipment during both wars. Regardless of label, both ventures have the appearance and feel of unilateralism. Risk Vs. Success Unilateralism, obviously, is easy - a country does what it wants. Bilateralism - policies enacted by two parties - are also relatively easy. Simple negotiations reveal what each party wants and does not want. They can quickly resolve differences and move ahead with policy. Multilateralism, however, is complicated. It must consider the diplomatic needs of many nations. Multilateralism is much like trying to arrive at a decision in a committee at work, or perhaps working on an assignment in a group in a college class. Inevitably arguments, divergent goals, and cliques can derail the process. But when the whole succeeds, the results can be amazing. The Open Government Partnership A proponent of multilateralism, President Obama has initiated two new U.S.-led multilateral initiatives. The first is the Open Government Partnership. The Open Government Partnership (OGP) seeks to secure transparent government functioning around the globe. Its declaration proclaims the OGP is committed to the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Convention against Corruption, and other applicable international instruments related to human rights and good governance. The OGP wants to: Increase accessibility to governmental information,Support non-discriminatory civic participation in governmentPromote professional integrity within governmentsUse technology to promote openness and accountability of governments. Eight nations now belong to the OGP. They are the United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, the Philippines, Norway, Mexico, Indonesia, and Brazil. Global Counterterrorism Forum The second of Obamas recent multilateral initiatives is the Global Counterterrorism Forum. The forum is essentially a place where states practicing counterterrorism can convene to share information and practices. Announcing the forum on September 22, 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said, We need a dedicated global venue to regularly convene key counterterrorism policy makers and practitioners from around the world. We need a place where we can identify essential priorities, devise solutions, and chart a path to implementation of best practices. The forum has set four major goals in addition to sharing information. Those are: Discover how to develop justice systems rooted in the rule of law but effective against terrorism.Find cooperative ways to globally understand the radicalization of ideals, terrorist recruitment.Find ways to strengthen weaknesses - such as border security - that terrorists exploit.Ensure dynamic, strategic thinking and action about counterterrorism efforts.

The Political and Social Aspect of Business of The UN Global Compact Essay

The Political and Social Aspect of Business of The UN Global Compact - Essay Example The UN Global Compact (GC) is voluntary and the underlying objective is stated to be the introduction of social responsibility into international business and the code embodies ten core principles.In essence, the UN GC is a voluntary corporate citizenship network geared towards the mainstreaming business activity ethics worldwide and fuelling the preservation of UN human rights’ objectives within the international business framework (Macintosh et al, 2004 at p.11). Slaughter further observes the UN objectives in the GC in attempting to harmonize consistency in corporate social responsibility measures among UN organizations, international labor organizations, and NGOs to assist the creation of a â€Å"more inclusive and equitable marketplace,† (Slaughter, 2004: p.192).However, the GC does not impose sanctions or implement an enforcement framework and prima facie provides a system for facilitation and is not a regulatory instrument. Indeed, Macintosh et al highlight the f act that â€Å"the Global Compact relies on public accountability, transparency and the enlightened self-interest of companies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦in pursuing the principles upon which the Global Compact is based† (Macintosh et al, 2004 p.11).In the absence of any regulatory code, Slaughter further refers to the UN’s assertion of information sharing requirements and the chief architect of the GC’s declaration that â€Å"the core of its change model is a learning forum. Companies submit case studies of what they have done to translate their commitment to the GC principles into concrete corporate practices† (Slaughter, 2004 at p.11) As such, there is an assumption that information sharing and self-regulation will facilitate human rights compliance.

PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE PAPER Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE - Term Paper Example In the book entitled ABC’s of the Human Mind, it was revealed that â€Å"although some philosophers have cast emotions as villains that represent what is most irrational and animal in human nature, there is a strong argument for crediting the emotions with all that is worthy and wonderful about human life† (ABC’s, 1990, 168). In this regard, the objective of the essay is to describe what one hopes to gain from the course, after reading the assigned references, and how it is believed that one may be able to use the course content in one’s daily life. What One Hopes to Gain from the Course Daniel Goleman’s book entitled Emotional Intelligence proffered some insights on the part of the brain that controls emotions, and the nature and application of emotional intelligence, among others. The assigned readings discussed relevant issues on how to bring intelligence to emotions. By discussing what emotions are for, one is given the preview of determining th e role of emotions in people’s lives. I shared Goleman’s experiences of having encountered people, either directly or indirectly, whose lives were drastically transformed due to uncontrolled emotions. I believe emotions of anger are the most destructive when expressed irresponsibly and violently. It is my firmest hope that the course would provide ample opportunities to learn strategies and lessons for taming anger and other vicious emotions, such as jealousy, shame, or fear. It would also be interesting to find out if emotions are almost always manifested and expressed in a universal manner – meaning, do expressions vary from one culture to another? And how come women seem to be more comfortable with expressing their emotions than men? I was moved when I read Goleman’s prelude under Aristotle’s Challenge, to wit: â€Å"those who are at the mercy of impulse – who lack self-control – suffer a moral deficiency. The ability to control i mpulse is the base of will and character† (Goleman, 1997, xii). Accordingly, there is some ecstatic expectation to learn the rudiments of better and more effective self-control, not on a personal basis, but to share the rudiments to those in need. As one gets to observe contemporary generation’s emotional outbursts, I believe there is extreme need to focus on self-restraint and self-discipline. The problems of vices: alcohols, cigarettes, drugs, are manifestations of emotions run astray. The question that challenges us, as averred by Goleman was: â€Å"What can we change to help our children fare better in life?† (ibid, xi – xii). I hope to gain lessons, insights, guidance to direct me into transforming lives through teaching intelligence to our emotions. Applications of the Course The holistic development of a person lies not only in honing intellectual skills, knowledge and abilities on various endeavors, but more so, in learning emotional restraint and compassion. People’s lives are almost always an interplay of actions and thoughts that provoke emotions. The course would be beneficial in providing guidance to appropriate behavior. Again, as revealed by Goleman when he cited Aristotle, it takes a rare skill â€Å"to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way† (ibid, xiii). I hope by the time I finish the course, I would possess this rare skill. I see applications of emotional intelligence in various scenarios and settings where people interact. In academic institutions where professors and

Modern Scientific Theories Essay Example for Free

Modern Scientific Theories Essay For years evolutionists and creationists have been arguing about the way the world was created and whether it has been designed or has evolved over thousands of millions of years. William Paley was a creationist and believed that the universe must have a designer, as it is so complex with many complex organisms. To him it was observable that the universe is designed and if this is true then there must be a designer, which he believed to be God. Many scientists disagree with this theory and say that there is another way the universe could be how it is today. Scientists believe in the theory of the big bang. Unlike the creationists who take each word of the bible literally and believe that God created the universe in 6 days about 6000 years ago scientists believe the universe was created by the big bang about 15000 million years ago. The big bang theory states that the universe was created by a big explosion that threw out materials that now have created the universe of galaxies and stars and planets. It can be proven that the universe is expanding by the red shift of light and the movement of galaxies away from us. As with all explosions the big bang also let out beams of radiation which can still be seen today as the explosion was so large. Some people believe that this theory of the big bang is too much to believe, it is too amazing that all this could have happened without something to cause it. The energy of the big bang was perfect for creating the universe. If it had been less the explosion would not have created galaxies but just dust and if it had been too much life could never exist. The gravity of the universe must also have been perfect for life to exist in the universe, and many people believe the only way this could all be perfect is by something to design it with the right amount of energy, a source of energy to always exist and the right of gravity. People believe this to be God and think of the scientific theory of the big bang to also be as true as God. Creationists look at the bible of scientific truths and therefore do not accept the scientific truths of the big bang theory. However, the bible teaches us religious truths and so is another description of the same creation story. There are three types of people, the creationists who  believe every word of the bible, the scientists who do not believe in God or follow the bible and the people that agree with both theories and do not believe they are in opposition. Those scientists who do not believe in God say that if the big bang was the start of everything, including time, then God cannot exist before the big bang as there was no before as time did not exist. This to them proves that there is no designer involved in the process of creation. Evolutionists such as Richard Dawkins believe Darwins theory of evolution proves creationists wrong. As Hume said, if we were not always the way we are now then how could we be designed, the fact humans did not always exist, for example in the time of the dinosaurs, and we exist now then we must have somehow evolved. Creationists have an argument against the fact that we didnt exist when dinosaurs did. In a town called Glen Rose in Texas Fossilised dinosaur footprints were found alongside large Human footprints. Creationists and the people of Glen Rose believe that this disproves the Darwinian Theory as it proves that dinosaurs and humans co-existed. The evolutionists are trying to prove that these are not human footprints as it attacks their theory strongly. As can be seen Creationists and Evolutionists are continuously attacking each other, as creationism keeps re-appearing. Some creationists feel so strongly about their beliefs that they will not allow evolution to be taught in schools. This happens in Glen Rose and in many other places. Creationists are people that take the creation story in the bible very literally and believe that the universe was created in six days. Evolutionists say that this is impossible because they have proof that the universe evolved over thousands of years and is still not complete. They believe that evolution has no target and is a blind automatic process to which there is no end target or goal. They follow Darwins theory of evolution and natural selection. Paley, who believes the universe is designed, uses the example of the eye as one that proves that the earth is designed; he says that many organisms have very complex eye systems, such as a moth that has a very complex eye. If this eye was not designed then how  did it become as complex as it is? Evolution and science says that the eye can build up through cumulative processes of random selection and mutation. Unlike Paley they do not believe the eye was formed in one single step but believe it was a multitude of steps of evolution and is not pure chance. Their proof for this is that all the stages of evolution of an eye can be seen in different organism. Some organisms have very simple eyes and others more complex. They have not only proved this for the eye but for many other organs. The heart of a human is very complex and has a double circulation system; this is more advanced than the heart of a mouse, which proves that creation takes place in steps. Evolution is a process propelled by survival of the fittest where an insect that looks 15% like a leaf will survive longer than an insect, which only looks 4% like a leaf. The insect that looks most lie a leaf will survive to reproduce and pass on the gene that makes it look like a leaf to its offspring and after generations that particular insect will look more and more like a leaf. This process takes place with all organisms and wrongly causes people to think that the universe is designed by God and created in 6 days. From a scientific point the design argument is wrong as it creates a distinction between humans and other species, which does not exist. According to genetic information species are not as different from each other as people like Paley make out they are. Although science has tried very hard to disprove the design argument many people believe that both could be true and they are just different forms of saying the truth. They believe that the scientific theory of creation is just a more complex and detailed way of telling the same story that Genesis suggests and that the design argument is simply a simpler version of the same thing. There are a few ways that religious people or people who believe in a designer can relate Darwins theory to the idea of God. A theistic interventionist approach states that God created the souls of organisms but that the bodies could be developed through evolution. The body of Adam may have evolved through natural selection but his soul was created and  designed directly by God. Another way that science and the design argument link is that evolution and God dont have to be mutually exclusive and evolution could be the way that God operates. This is the idea of Karl Rahner. The philosopher Henri Bergson argued in his book Creative Evolution that there was something that made evolution take place, and that evolution is part of Gods design. AS of yet no answer has been found that is universally believed for the creation of the universe and all we have are persuasive arguments. Bibliography *The Question is (video) *The Blind Watchmaker (video) *The Question Of God Michael Palmer *Religion and Science Mel Thompson *Looking For God Robert Kirkwood

My Favorite Summer Vacation :: Summer Vacation Essays

My favorite summer vacation was when my Father took me to Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida. It was one of the most memorable experiences of my life. What made it even more memorable was the fact that it was my very first time on an airplane. I cannot recall another time in my life when I experienced so much joy. That trip to Universal Studios was the first time my Father and I actually did something together, just the two of us and was something brought me close to my Father. In this essay I will tell you about my plane ride over there, what I did right when I got there, and about my time at Universal Studios. I can still remember how excited I was before take off, I mean it felt like forever while we sat in the plane waiting to take off. Just all the anticipation that was inside of me had just made the wait even longer for me. Finally, I heard the pilot say 'prepare for take off'. When I heard those words I was so overjoyed I could hardly contain myself. That rush I got once the plane took off was an experience like no other. The plane ride was about hours long and I enjoyed every minute of it. Little did I know, that was less than half of the fun I was going to have at Orlando. After we got off the airplane, we rented a car and drove to my Uncle Joe?s house. We finally got there and then we all went out to eat dinner. We went to some Italian restraunt and boy was it good. To this day, I have never tasted anything as good as the Veal Picata I had that day. I ate so much that I could hardly move and once I got back to my uncle?s, I just passed out and went to bed. I had a big and exciting day ahead of me. I was going to Universal Studios and I couldn?t wait. The whole drive there I was just wondering what I was going to do and see over there. I mean I thought I thought I was excited about my plane ride there, but that wasn?t even half of what I was feeling at that time. Once I saw the roller coasters as we drove to Universal?s Island of Adventure my face just lit up like the sun.

Hot Coffee Reaction Paper Essay

After watching the documentary â€Å"Hot Coffee,† I realized that it greatly explained how one incident started a domino effect that shook up the way Government protects big business forever. I strongly believe that Tort reform was meant to back big business and take away the rights of Americans who are wronged by these corporations. From a sociologist standpoint I can especially see the concerns of a conflict theorist because this is capitalism at its best. When Stella Liebeck sued McDonalds for a cup of hot coffee that she spilled on herself, a lot of people originally viewed the situation as a joke and as a plan for someone to get rich quick. Before watching the documentary I had no knowledge of the incident and thought it sounded like a case of lawsuit abuse. Soon after watching, I saw the negligence of McDonalds by not monitoring the temperature of the coffee and the major damage done to Stella’s skin. The medical bills were major and she deserved not only compensation for medical bills but punitive damages as well. She was awarded 160,000 dollars in damages and 2.7 million in punitive damages (eventually reduced to 480,000). After such an infamous case, it opened the floodgates for other Americans to go after businesses that had wronged them. In a case for Stella, the lawsuit was justified, but there were cases across the country were lawsuits were filed and many were trying to â€Å"get rich quick.† Sure it is a controversial situation but Tort Reform was used a defense mechanism for big business. Companies like tobacco corporations for example, were actually behind lawsuit abuse groups trying to help spark tort reform to favor them. They had all the money to back political campaigns for  nominees that would favor tort reform. This I believe is a matter of capitalism because the rich are investing in themselves and are literally fixing campaigns by funding whomever they believe look after their best interest. As another example, The Chamber of Commerce are a committee assembled of big business corporations who fund political campaigns for nominees who back their political views and invest in their well being instead of the nation as a whole. In other words, the rich want their nominees to win in order to protect their investments, therefore they all band together to achieve this goal. George W. Bush was definitely a beneficiary of highly funded campaigns and it showed. During his presidential campaign he was lobbying for Tort Reform and that meant capping punitive damages. There are cases where this cap hurts the people who are wronged from businesses that have wronged them. In the documentary the case of Colin Gourley strongly was affected by tort reform. Lisa Gourley gave birth to twins and during her pregnancy was constantly misdiagnosed and improperly observed. Because of the neglect of her doctor, one of the twins, Colin, was born with brain damage and would require therapy and special healthcare for the remainder of his life. She was constantly uneasy with the progress of her pregnancy but was always reassured by her doctor. Because of negligence, Lisa Gourley was awarded 5.6 million dollars in a lawsuit. However, due to the law in Nebraska, it was reduced to 1.6 million. This is a prime example of a system that failed a family due to tort reform. Ultimately this documentary opened my eyes to the many capitalist ways we operate as a country. This most definitely identifies with conflict theory. It is understood that this country is ran and protected by the wealthy. There are ways for things to change but this documentary demonstrates where our challenges lie.

Organic Foods Are They Really Better for Us? Essay

Consumer food awareness is growing and with it the need of going back to basics. To fulfil needs of these people, hotel restaurants as well as other food outlets starts to use term organic food as a marketing tool. In current market organic products seem to be an easy and quite low-cost means to elevate the prestige of a restaurant. The General Manager of the Savoy Hotel- Kieran Macdonald (cited in Hammond, Shepard 2010) says: â€Å"Luxury has changed in the last few years from the point of how it is defined†¦ it used to something that was very materialistic†¦ and very new. Now people are looking for authenticity – something that has integrity behind it†. INTRODUCTION (continued) Main restrictions in organic food production: * Before a license is granted and on a yearly basis after, all farmers and processors are subjected to rigorous inspections (Bord Bia 2011). * Very limited use of synthetic pesticide, fertiliser, livestock antibiotics, food additives and growth regulators is allowed in organic farming. * Use of genetically modified organism (GMO’S) is completely prohibited * Livestock must be provided with organic feed in a free-range, open-air farm. * At processing stage use of artificial flavourings and colorants is not allowed, only authorised by the European Commission non-organic ingredients, additives or processing aids can be used with strict limit. * Distribution and sales involve proper produce labelling- the producer name and name or code number of the inspection body must be provided. (European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development ,Organic Farming 2011) All the above would suggest, that choosing organic is the best possible choice that consumer can make, but does the organic food really equal higher quality, more nutrients, better taste etc.? Can consumption of organic food make a difference to our health? Many studies were carried out to answer those questions and I will elaborate on them in later stages of my assignment. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ORGANIC FOODS VIA CONVENTIONAL FOODS â€Å"Nutrition and food safety trends are at the centre-of-the-plate this year. Restaurants are updating menus to reflect nutrition policy and trends, consumer desires for variety and quality, and chef innovations† (Restaurant Industry Forecast, National Restaurant Association 2011) A lot of research was conducted in past years in order to differentiate nutritional value of organic and conventional food produce. I will focus this assignment on high demand foods like fruit and vegetable, dairy produce and meat. Fruits, vegetables and grains According to the studies conducted by a certified nutrition specialist Virginia Worthington (2001) an increased amount of several nutrients is present in organic crops compared with their conventional equivalents. These included: * 27% more vitamin C * 21. 1% more iron * 29. 3% more magnesium * 13. 6% more phosphorus * 15. 1% less nitrates than their conventional counterparts. Figure 3 The chart above illustrates the percentage of additional mineral content in organic compare to conventional crops. However, when the research was carried out the following factors (which are proven to have an effect on a nutritional quality of the food) weren’t taken into account: * Quality of soil and fertility usage * Storage methods * Forms of food consumption e. g. fresh, steamed, pureed, cooked from frozen etc. * Climate in different regions of the world (amount of rainfall and sunlight per day) * The method and timing of harvest To get a real picture of a difference in a nutritional value of organic via conventional foods, a large quantity of different origin samples would need to be tested. Findings that take into account the listed above factors were published in a report â€Å"New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-Based Organic Foods† (Benbrook, Zhao, Yanez, Davies and Andrews 2008, p.42) and state that: â€Å"Yes, organic plant-based foods are, on average, more nutritious in term of their nutrient density†¦ The average serving†¦contains about 25% more of the nutrients†¦than a comparable-sized serving of the same food produced by conventional farming methods. † NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ORGANIC FOODS VIA CONVENTIONAL FOODS (continued) Milk and dairy produce Another research, carried out on grass feed cows, by Newcastle University in United Kingdom (2008) and published online in the Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture showed that forage-based diet and natural grazing have a significant influence on milk composition. An increase in beneficial fatty acids, antioxidants and vitamins was observed when nutritional values of organic milk and conventional milk were compared. Meats Studies of laboratory animals demonstrate that farm-raised animal’s meat is higher in some fatty acids. Amount of CLA (Conjugated linoleic acid) found in animals fed organically grown diet is five times higher than the once fed conventional diet. Meat and dairy products from organic animals are the richest known source of this fatty acid (Butler 2008) Pastured cattle’s meat is also higher in vitamin E. Even when compared with cattle given supplements of vitamin E, the condensation of this vitamin in organic cow’s meat is twice as high (Kluger, Jeffrey 2010). Lack of day light and fresh organic feed have a significant effect on amount of omega-3 in chicken meat and eggs. 10 times more omega-3 was found in pastured hen’s egg when compared to factory hen’s egg (Kluger et al 2010) . INFLUENCE OF FOODS COMPONENTS ON CONSUMER’S HEALTH Fats and sugars A well-known fact is that today’s generation is getting heavier. One of the reasons for it is a tendency to eat foods witch are high in fats and sugars and low in vitamins and minerals. Another well-known fact is that obese people are more likely to suffer from diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke and other obesity-related illnesses. According to studies directed by DR. Don Davis (2004) in University of Texas-Austin, the vitamins and minerals concentration of many commonly consumed foods has dropped gradually (figure 4). Figure 4 Vitamins and fatty acids Vitamin E is well known antioxidants and is believed to have anti-aging properties. Eating food naturally reach in this vitamin can lower risk of heart disease and cancer. Fatty acids and CLA in particular might protect against various cancers. In addition omega -3 and 6 reduce risk of heart disease and arthritis and improve mental functions. Research conducted by Swiss scientist Lukas Rist and his team (2006) has found 50% higher levels of CLA in breast milk of mother, whose diet was based on organic milk and meat products. Large human study reported that consumption of organic dairy products is closely connected with risk of eczema in infants being reduced (Kummeling, Thijs and Huber 2008) Pesticides and antibiotics. Some pesticides allowed to be used in food business are proved to be dangerous for health. Findings of another research reveal strong connection between exposure to pesticides and a variety of health effects in humans. The ill effects can differ from headaches, fatigue and nausea to neurological disorders including cancer (U. S. General Accounting Office 2001). An increase in development of drug-resistant bacteria in human body was observed in recent years. Also early-onset puberty in girls is a growing problem. Existence of mentioned conditions is related to antibiotics being used in farming. Organically raised animals and organic practices in general, avoid the abuse of antibiotics (Kluger et al 2010) TASTE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR OF CHOOSING ORGANIC FOODS â€Å"While the growth in organic purchases is primarily in the retail category, consumers are demanding these offerings more when they dine out, and restaurant operators need to meet these demands. † Nation’s Restaurant News (2011) Does organic food taste better? Most people say that they cannot taste the difference, but organic isn’t a guarantee of taste. Taste of crops largely depends on quality of soil, weather conditions, treatments used by farmer etc. As taste is an entirely subjective matter, only large scale double-blind taste test would help in finding out if organic crops have better, fresher, more complex flavours than industrial crops do. But without a doubt, abnormally large, excessively engineered tomatoes designed to ripen on the way to a distribution centre will never come close to the taste of its vine-ripened, fresh-picked cousin (Kluger et al 2010). Numbers of people looking for authentic food are increasing with every year. More and more consumers want to grow their own fruit and vegetables, as they fill need of going back to basics. Fruits and vegetables that that can be seen every day in the shops don’t look like ones from grandmother’s garden. Not even one apple with a wormhole makes buyers question their â€Å"realness†. Most high class hotel restaurants recognise the need and importance of providing their guests with fresh, fully nutrient organic food and as a result information of the origin of produce used in preparation of meals is placed on the menu. ETHICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ORGANIC FARMING A problematic issue, in non-organic agricultural areas, is soil and water pollution. According to findings of the U. S. Geological Survey over 90% of water and fish samples from rivers and nearly 50% of all tested wells contained a minimum of one pesticide (U. S. General Accounting Office 2001). Another shocking but common issue is relates to the way non-organic animals are raised. In order to fatten an animal, so it can be slaughter as fast as possible, a high-calorie, corn-based feed is used. To increase productivity level large numbers of animals are jammed together on factory farms. A cow raised in these conditions might be slaughter after just 14 months, while for a grass-feed cow it can take up to two and a half years before it face the knife (Kluger et al 2010). Last but not least way in which organic farming influence environment is by respecting use of countryside. In order to maintain a balance required by a healthy ecosystem organic farmers use a variety of non-chemical method for the control of pest and weeds. By looking for disease resistant crops, that works the best in particular climate, they contribute in big way to protection of different varieties of dying out of forgotten species. CONCLUSION There is no simple answer to the question asked in the topic of this assignment. First of all, we should remember that the purpose behind organic agriculture is not primarily about human nutrition – it’s more about protecting the environment. The world population is growing, obesity rate continue to climb, people eat more and more food needs to be produced- all of that results in industrial engineering tricks being use in food production. Some of us are aware of the above and choose organic. Unfortunately, because of overuse of agricultural chemicals over past decades, they are all-pervasive in rainfall and water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks. Due to drift via wind and rain organic crops are also exposed to them, so organic food cannot be a guarantee of 100% toxic free. This assignment confirms that organically-grown plants, animals and dairy products are more nutritious, yet the health effect of eating organic cannot be assess by simple lab test. Monitoring of health of individuals over generations is the only way of finding out if organic is really better. And still a healthy balance, in types of foods eaten, needs to be maintained. Person that throughout the day eats large amounts of organic chocolate and pastries and drink seven organic coffees and have a six pack of organic beer with organic burger and chips for dinner is missing the point. Also restaurants play a big role in creating a healthy eating concept. Good chefs know, that methods of cooking and focusing on seasonal and local products, to minimise the time between harvesting and eating, can be more important than whether a food is organic or non-organic. And finally, before deciding on what to put on our plate, either organic or not, we should always bear in mind a very meaningful phrase: â€Å"You are what you eat†. REFERENCES: Benbrook C. , Zhao X. , Yanez J. , Davies N. , Andrews P. (2008) â€Å"New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-Based Organic Foods† available: http://www. organic-center. org/science. nutri.php? action=view&report_id=126, [accessed: 10 Oct 2011] Bord Bia-Irish Food Board (2011) â€Å"Organic Food† available: http://www. bordbia. ie/aboutfood/organicfood/Pages/OrganicFood. aspx [accessed 4 Oct 2011]. Butler, Newcastle University (2008), â€Å"Organic Free Grazing Cows Are Cream Of The Crop† ScienceDaily, available: http://www. sciencedaily. com /releases/2008/05/080527101003. htmhttp://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/05/080527101003. htm, accessed: 16 Oct 2011 European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development ,Organic Farming (2011), â€Å"What is organic farming? † available: http://ec. europa. eu/agriculture/organic/organic-farming/what-organic_en [accessed 04 Oct 2011] Hammond R. , Shepard A. (2010)†The Savoy – a green hotel? † available: http://www. greentraveller. co. uk/blog/savoy-london-green-hotel [accessed 06 Oct 2011] Kluger, Jeffrey. (2010)†What’s So Great About Organic Food? †, Time, Vol. 176 Issue 9, p30-40, available: http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? sid=e6bef63d-8e95-431c-9fd9-523ebf5edba0%40sessionmgr111&vid=2&hid=119&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d.

Virtual Controversies essays

Virtual Controversies essays It was once forcasted that computers in the future would weigh no more than 1.5 tons. Of course, in todays technologically savvy times, its a common occurrence to see people holding their computers in their lap, or even in their hand. Theres no doubt about it: the computer already plays an important role in our lives and that role is likely to expand as more advancements are made. However, new innovations mean new controversies. The Internet, for example, has transformed the way people communicate, conduct business, learn, and entertain themselves. With a simple click of the mouse key, one can do things that were thought science fiction just a few decades ago. For all the benefits associated with the Internet, the presence of pornography, hate groups, and other distasteful topics has lead to a nationwide debate on first amendment rights and censorship. The goal for the Internet should not be total freedom for unsavory groups to deliver their message to whomever they can, but a balance between the freedom of those who want this material and the freedom of those who When President Clinton signed the Communication Decency Act into law on February 8, 1996, he effectively approved the largest alteration of national communication laws in 62 years. In order to elicit a response from web creators who published indecent sites, the bill instituted criminal penalties. However, the emphasis in the bill was on decency and not obscenity- which had long been established as the method to determine what was supported by the first amendment and what was not. The CDA was eventually overthrown in Reno vs. ACLU because of the unconstitutionality vague wording and the noted importance in keeping the Internet a hospital arena for free expression and speech. In 1998, another piece of legislation was approved called the Child Online Protection Act, or ...

The Difference Between a City and a Town

The Difference Between a City and a Town Do you live in a city or a town? Depending on where you live, the definition of these two terms may vary, as will the official designation that is given to a certain community. In general, though, cities are larger than towns. Whether any given town is officially designated with the term town, however, will vary based on the country and state it is located in. The Difference Between a City and a Town In the United States, an incorporated  city  is a legally defined government entity. It has powers delegated by the state and county and the local laws, regulations, and policies are created and approved by the voters of the city and their representatives. A city can provide local government services to its citizens. In many places in the U.S., a town, village, community, or neighborhood is simply an unincorporated community with no governmental powers. County governments typically provide services to these unincorporated communities.Some states do have official designations of towns that include limited powers. Generally, in the urban hierarchy, villages are smaller than towns and towns are smaller than cities, though this is not always the case.   How Urban Areas are Defined Throughout the World It is difficult to compare countries based on the percentage of urban population. Many countries have different definitions of the  population size necessary to make a community urban. For example, in Sweden and Denmark, a village of 200 residents is considered to be an urban population, but it takes 30,000 residents to make a city in Japan. Most other countries fall somewhere in between. Australian and Canadian cities have a minimum of 1,000 citizens.Israel and France have a minimum of 2,000 citizens.The United States and Mexico have a minimum of 2,500 citizens. Due to these differences, we have a problem with comparisons. Let us assume that in Japan and in Denmark there are 100 villages of 250 people each. In Denmark, all of these 25,000 people are counted as urban residents but in Japan, the residents of these 100 villages are all rural populations. Similarly, a single city with a population of 25,000 would be an urban area in Denmark but not in Japan. Japan is 78 percent  and Denmark is 85 percent  urbanized. Unless we are aware of what size of a population makes an area urban we cannot simply compare the two percentages and say Denmark is more urbanized than Japan. The following table includes the  minimum population that is considered urban in a sampling of countries throughout the world. It also lists the percent of the countrys residents which are urbanized. Not surprisingly, some countries with a higher minimum population have a lower percentage of ​urbanized population. In addition, the  urban population in almost every country is rising, some more significantly than others. This is a modern trend that has been noted over the last few decades and is most often attributed to  people moving to cities to pursue work. Country Min. Pop. 1997 Urban Pop. 2015 Urban Pop. Sweden 200 83% 86% Denmark 200 85% 88% South Africa 500 57% 65% Australia 1,000 85% 89% Canada 1,000 77% 82% Israel 2,000 90% 92% France 2,000 74% 80% United States 2,500 75% 82% Mexico 2,500 71% 79% Belgium 5,000 97% 98% Iran 5,000 58% 73% Nigeria 5,000 16% 48% Spain 10,000 64% 80% Turkey 10,000 63% 73% Japan 30,000 78% 93% Sources Hartshorn, Truman A.  Interpreting the City: An Urban Geography. 1992.Famighetti, Robert (ed.).  The World Almanac and Book of Facts. 1997.World Bank Group. Urban Population (% of total). 2016.

Judicial precedent in english legal system (U.K) Essay

Judicial precedent in english legal system (U.K) - Essay Example Criminal justice systems in any country are meant to set forth a set of rules needed to enforce law and order. These systems give operating guidelines to the enforcers of the judiciary system of an open and democratic society, and can include minimum and maximum limitations for the sentencing of criminals. Now what is the doctrine of precedent in relation to laws It is important to understand that apart from the laws set forth to control the normal behaviour of people and to restrict the criminal activities and negative tendency of individuals in a society, certain other rulings are kept in effect. These are a set of guidelines which are not meant to ensure the rational development of the law. Rather they are meant to control the judges in terms of their honesty and rationality in making practical and professional decisions in the process of implementing the law. All judges are also human beings. Negativity exists in all human beings, and becoming a judge in no way ensures that the negative element of the person has been eliminated. We have heard of so many incidents where judges have taken bribes and given decision in favor of the bribing party, be that the prosecuting side or the defendant side.